Exam Dumps VCE

Explanation/Reference:
Confidentiality is the prevention of the intentional or unintentional unauthorized disclosure of contents.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 60.

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
High-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) delivers 1.544 Mbps of bandwidth each way over two copper twisted pairs. SDSL also delivers 1.544 Mbps but over a single copper twisted pair. ADSL and VDSL offer a higher bandwidth downstream than upstream.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page
115).

Transmission on fiber optic wire requires repeating at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because the installation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few communities yet have fiber optic wires or cables from the phone company’s branch office to local customers (local loop).
In telephony, a local loop is the wired connection from a telephone company’s central office in a locality to its customers’ telephones at homes and businesses. This connection is usually on a pair of copper wires called twisted pair. The system was originally designed for voice transmission only using analog transmission technology on a single voice channel. Today, your computer’s modem makes the conversion between analog signals and digital signals. With Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), the local loop can carry digital signals directly and at a much higher bandwidth than they do for voice only.
Local Loop diagram

Image from: http://www.thenetworkencyclopedia.com/entry/local-loop/
The following are incorrect answers:
New loop This is only a detractor and does not exist
Loopback In telephone systems, a loopback is a test signal sent to a network destination
that is returned as received to the originator. The returned signal may help diagnose a problem. Ingenious loop This is only a detractor and does not exist
Reference(s) used for this question:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-loop and STEINER, Kurt, Telecommunications and Network Security, Version 1, May 2002, CISSP Open Study Group (Domain Leader: skottikus), Page 14.

Explanation/Reference:
L2TP is affected by packet header modification and cannot cope with firewalls and network devices that perform NAT.
“PPTP can run only on top of IP networks.” is correct as PPTP encapsulates datagrams into an IP packet, allowing PPTP to route many network protocols across an IP network.
“PPTP is an encryption protocol and L2TP is not.” is correct. When using PPTP, the PPP payload is encrypted with Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) using MSCHAP or EAP-TLS.
“L2TP supports AAA servers” is correct as L2TP supports TACACS+ and RADIUS.
NOTE:
L2TP does work over NAT. It is possible to use a tunneled mode that wraps every packet into a UDP packet. Port 4500 is used for this purpose. However this is not true of PPTP and it is not true as well that it works well with all firewalls and NAT devices.
References:
All in One Third Edition page 545
Official Guide to the CISSP Exam page 124-126

Detective/Technical measures include intrusion detection systems and automatically-generated violation reports from audit trail information. These reports can indicate variations from “normal” operation or detect known signatures of unauthorized access episodes. In order to limit the amount of audit information flagged and reported by automated violation analysis and reporting mechanisms, clipping levels can be set. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 35.

Section: Risk, Response and Recovery
Explanation/Reference:
The keyword is ‘ MOST CRITICAL ‘ and the correct answer is ‘ Management Support ‘ as the management must be convinced of its necessity and that’s why a business case must be made. The decision of how a company should recover from any disaster is purely a business decision and should be treated as so.
The other answers are incorrect because :
Security policy is incorrect as it is not the MOST CRITICAL piece.
Availability of backup information processing facilities is incorrect as this comes once the organization has BCP Plans in place and for a BCP Plan , management support must be there.
Staff training comes after the plans are in place with the support from management.
Reference : Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter-9: Business Continuity Planning , Page : 697.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, pages 76, 157.

Section: Risk, Response and Recovery
Explanation/Reference:
Remote Journaling is a technology to facilitate sending copies of the journal of transaction entries from a production system to a secondary system in realtime. The remote nature of such a connection is predicated upon having local journaling already established. Local journaling on the production side allows each change that ensues for a journal-eligible object e.g., database physical file, SQL table, data area, data queue, byte stream file residing within the IFS) to be recorded and logged. It’s these local images that flow to the remote system. Once there, the journal entries serve a variety of purposes, from feeding a high availability software replay program or data warehouse to offering an offline, realtime vault of the most recent database changes.
Reference(s) used for this question:
The Essential Guide to Remote Journaling by IBM
and
TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.
and
KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 8: Business Continuity Planning and Disaster Recovery Planning (page 286).

Explanation/Reference:
The correct answer is “control evaluator & consultant”. During any system development or acquisition, the security staff should evaluate security controls and advise (or consult) on the strengths and weaknesses with those responsible for making the final decisions on the project.
The other answers are not correct because:
policeman – It is never a good idea for the security staff to be placed into this type of role (though it is sometimes unavoidable). During system development or acquisition, there should be no need of anyone filling the role of policeman.
data owner – In this case, the data owner would be the person asking for the new system to manage, control, and secure information they are responsible for. While it is possible the security staff could also be the data owner for such a project if they happen to have responsibility for the information, it is also possible someone else would fill this role. Therefore, the best answer remains “control evaluator & consultant”.
application user – Again, it is possible this could be the security staff, but it could also be many other people or groups. So this is not the best answer.
Reference:
Official ISC2 Guide page: 555 – 560
All in One Third Edition page: 832 – 846

Section: Analysis and Monitoring
Explanation/Reference:
To maintain operational assurance, organizations use two basic methods: system audits and monitoring.
Monitoring refers to an ongoing activity whereas audits are one-time or periodic events and can be either internal or external. The essential difference between a self-audit and an independent audit is objectivity, thus indirectly affecting the results of the audit. Internal and external auditors should have the same level of competence and can use the same tools.
Source: SWANSON, Marianne & GUTTMAN, Barbara, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST Special Publication 800-14, Generally Accepted Principles and Practices for Securing Information Technology Systems, September 1996 (page 25).

Threat coupled with a vulnerability. Threats are circumstances or actions with the ability to harm a system. They can destroy or modify data or result an a DoS. Threats by themselves are not acted upon unless there is a vulnerability that can be taken advantage of. Risk enters the equation when a vulnerability (Flaw or weakness) exists in policies, procedures, personnel management, hardware, software or facilities and can be exploited by a threat agent. Vulnerabilities do not cause harm, but they leave the system open to harm. The combination of a threat with a vulnerability increases the risk to the system of an intrusion.
The following answers are incorrect:
Threat coupled with a breach. A threat is the potential that a particular threat-source will take advantage of a vulnerability. Breaches get around security. It does not matter if a breach is discovered or not, it has still occured and is not a risk of something occuring. A breach would quite often be termed as an incident or intrusion.
Vulnerability coupled with an attack. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses (flaws) in policies, procedures, personnel management, hardware, software or factilities that may result in a harmful intrusion to an IT system. An attack takes advantage of the flaw or vulnerability. Attacks are explicit attempts to violate security, and are more than risk as they are active.
Threat coupled with a breach of security. This is a detractor. Although a threat agent may take advantage of (Breach) vulnerabilities or flaws in systems security. A threat coupled with a breach of security is more than a risk as this is active.
The following reference(s) may be used to research the questions in this question:
ISC2 OIG, 2007 p. 66-67 Shon Harris AIO v3 p. 71-72

The matrix lists the users, groups and roles down the left side and the
resources and functions across the top. The cells of the matrix can either indicate that
access is allowed or indicate the type of access. CBK pp 317 – 318.
AIO3, p. 169 describes it as a table if subjects and objects specifying the access rights a
certain subject possesses pertaining to specific objects.
In either case, the matrix is a way of analyzing the access control needed by a population
of subjects to a population of objects. This access control can be applied using rules,
ACL’s, capability tables, etc.
“A capacity table” is incorrect.
This answer is a trap for the unwary — it sounds a little like “capability table” but is just there
to distract you.
“An access control list” is incorrect.
“It [ACL] specifies a list of users [subjects] who are allowed access to each object” CBK, p. 188 Access control lists (ACL) could be used to implement the rules identified by an access control matrix but is different from the matrix itself.
“A capability table” is incorrect.
“Capability tables are used to track, manage and apply controls based on the object and rights, or capabilities of a subject. For example, a table identifies the object, specifies access rights allowed for a subject, and permits access based on the user’s posession of a capability (or ticket) for the object.” CBK, pp. 191-192. To put it another way, as noted in AIO3 on p. 169, “A capabiltiy table is different from an ACL because the subject is bound to the capability table, whereas the object is bound to the ACL.”
Again, a capability table could be used to implement the rules identified by an access control matrix but is different from the matrix itself.
References:
CBK pp. 191-192, 317-318 AIO3, p. 169

Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
If a category does not exist then you cannot compare it. Incomparable is when you have two disjointed sensitivity labels, that is a category in one of the labels is not in the other label. “Because neither label contains all the categories of the other, the labels can’t be compared. They’re said to be incomparable” COMPARABILITY:
The label:
TOP SECRET [VENUS ALPHA]
is “higher” than either of the labels:
SECRET [VENUS ALPHA] TOP SECRET [VENUS]
But you can’t really say that the label:
TOP SECRET [VENUS]
is higher than the label:
SECRET [ALPHA]
Because neither label contains all the categories of the other, the labels can’t be compared. They’re said to be incomparable. In a mandatory access control system, you won’t be allowed access to a file whose label is incomparable to your clearance.
The Multilevel Security policy uses an ordering relationship between labels known as the dominance relationship. Intuitively, we think of a label that dominates another as being “higher” than the other. Similarly, we think of a label that is dominated by another as being “lower” than the other. The dominance relationship is used to determine permitted operations and information flows.
DOMINANCE
The dominance relationship is determined by the ordering of the Sensitivity/Clearance component of the label and the intersection of the set of Compartments.
Sample Sensitivity/Clearance ordering are:
Top Secret > Secret > Confidential > Unclassified
s3 > s2 > s1 > s0
Formally, for label one to dominate label 2 both of the following must be true:
The sensitivity/clearance of label one must be greater than or equal to the sensitivity/clearance of label two.
The intersection of the compartments of label one and label two must equal the compartments of label two.
Additionally:
Two labels are said to be equal if their sensitivity/clearance and set of compartments are exactly equal. Note that dominance includes equality.
One label is said to strictly dominate the other if it dominates the other but is not equal to the other.
Two labels are said to be incomparable if each label has at least one compartment that is not included in the other’s set of compartments.
The dominance relationship will produce a partial ordering over all possible MLS labels, resulting in what is known as the MLS Security Lattice.
The following answers are incorrect:
The number of classification in the two labels is different. Is incorrect because the categories are what is being compared, not the classifications.
Neither label contains all the classifications of the other. Is incorrect because the categories are what is being compared, not the classifications.
the number of categories in the two labels is different. Is incorrect because it is possibe a category exists more than once in one sensitivity label and does exist in the other so they would be comparable.
Reference(s) used for this question:
OReilly – Computer Systems and Access Control (Chapter 3)
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/csb/chapter/ch03.html
and
http://rubix.com/cms/mls_dom

Section: Risk, Response and Recovery
Explanation/Reference:
A Hot Site contains everything needed to become operational in the shortest amount of time.
The following answers are incorrect:
Computers and peripherals. Is incorrect because no mention is made of cables. You would not be fully operational without those.
Computers and dedicated climate control systems. Is incorrect because no mention is made of peripherals.
You would not be fully operational without those.
Dedicated climate control systems. Is incorrect because no mentionis made of computers, cables and peripherals. You would not be fully operational without those.
According to the OIG, a hot site is defined as a fully configured site with complete customer required hardware and software provided by the service provider. A hot site in the context of the CBK is always a RENTAL place.
If you have your own site fully equipped that you make use of in case of disaster that would be called a redundant site or an alternate site.
Wikipedia: “A hot site is a duplicate of the original site of the organization, with full computer systems as well as near-complete backups of user data.” References:
OIG CBK, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning (pages 367 – 368) AIO, 3rd Edition, Business Continuity Planning (pages 709 – 714) AIO, 4th Edition, Business Continuity Planning , p 790.
Wikipedia – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_site#Hot_Sites

Of the offered technologies, load balancing/disk replication offers the highest availability, measured in terms of minutes of lost data or server downtime. A Network-Attached Storage (NAS) or a Storage Area Network (SAN) solution combined with virtualization would offer an even higher availability.
Source: SWANSON, Marianne, & al., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide for Information Technology Systems, December 2001 (page 49).

Explanation/Reference:
Policies are high-level statements, beliefs, goals and objectives and the general means for their attainment for a specific subject area. Standards are mandatory activities, action, rules or regulations designed to provide policies with the support structure and specific direction they require to be effective. Guidelines are more general statements of how to achieve the policies objectives by providing a framework within which to implement procedures. Procedures spell out the specific steps of how the policy and supporting standards and how guidelines will be implemented.
Source: HARE, Chris, Security management Practices CISSP Open Study Guide, version 1.0, april 1999.

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
This is not a benefit of a firewall. Most firewalls are limited when it comes to preventing the spread of viruses.
This question is testing your knowledge of Malware and Firewalls. The keywords within the questions are
“usually” and “virus”. Once again to come up with the correct answer, you must stay within the context of the question and really ask yourself which of the 4 choices is NOT usually done by a firewall.
Some of the latest Appliances such as Unified Threat Management (UTM) devices does have the ability to do virus scanning but most first and second generation firewalls would not have such ability. Remember, the questions is not asking about all possible scenarios that could exist but only about which of the 4 choices presented is the BEST.
For the exam you must know your general classes of Malware. There are generally four major classes of malicious code that fall under the general definition of malware:
1. Virus: Parasitic code that requires human action or insertion, or which attaches itself to another program to facilitate replication and distribution. Virus-infected containers can range from e-mail, documents, and data file macros to boot sectors, partitions, and memory fobs. Viruses were the first iteration of malware and were typically transferred by floppy disks (also known as “sneakernet”) and injected into memory when the disk was accessed or infected files were transferred from system to system.
2. Worm: Self-propagating code that exploits system or application vulnerabilities to replicate. Once on a system, it may execute embedded routines to alter, destroy, or monitor the system on which it is running, then move on to the next system. A worm is effectively a virus that does not require human interaction or other programs to infect systems.
3. Trojan Horse: Named after the Trojan horse of Greek mythology (and serving a very similar function), a Trojan horse is a general term referring to programs that appear desirable, but actually contain something harmful. A Trojan horse purports to do one thing that the user wants while secretly performing other potentially malicious actions. For example, a user may download a game file, install it, and begin playing the game.
Unbeknownst to the user, the application may also install a virus, launch a worm, or install a utility allowing an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the system remotely, all without the user’s knowledge.
4. Spyware: Prior to its use in malicious activity, spyware was typically a hidden application injected through poor browser security by companies seeking to gain more information about a user’s Internet activity. Today, those methods are used to deploy other malware, collect private data, send advertising or commercial messages to a system, or monitor system input, such as keystrokes or mouse clicks.
The following answers are incorrect:
reduces the risks of external threats from malicious hackers. This is incorrect because a firewall can reduce the risks of external threats from malicious hackers.
reduces the threat level on internal system. This is incorrect because a firewall can reduce the threat level on internal system.
allows centralized management and control of services. This is incorrect because a firewall can allow centralize management and control of services.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 3989-4009). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
This the best of the four answers as a defense that depends on multiple layers is superior to one where all protection is embedded in a single layer (e.g., a firewall). Defense in depth would include all categories of controls.
The Following answers are incorrect:
“Concept of a pass through device that only allows certain traffic in and out” is incorrect. This is one definition of a firewall which can be a component of a defense in depth strategy in combination with other measures.
“Concept of preventative controls” is incorrect. This is a component of a defense in depth strategy but the core concept is that there must be multiple layers of defenses.
“Concept of defensive controls” is incorrect. This is a component of a defense in depth strategy but the core concept is that there must be multiple layers of defenses.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_depth_(computing)
http://www.nsa.gov/snac/support/defenseindepth.pdf

Coaxial cable is called “coaxial” because it includes one physical channel that carries the signal surrounded (after a layer of insulation) by another concentric physical channel, both running along the same axis.
The outer channel serves as a ground. Many of these cables or pairs of coaxial tubes can
be placed in a single outer sheathing and, with repeaters, can carry information for a great
distance.
Source: STEINER, Kurt, Telecommunications and Network Security, Version 1, May 2002, CISSP Open Study Group (Domain Leader: skottikus), Page 14.

Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
Vibration sensors are similar and are also implemented to detect forced entry. Financial institutions may choose to implement these types of sensors on exterior walls, where bank robbers may attempt to drive a vehicle through. They are also commonly used around the ceiling and flooring of vaults to detect someone trying to make an unauthorized bank withdrawal.
Such sensors are proned to false positive. If there is a large truck with heavy equipment driving by it may trigger the sensor. The same with a storm with thunder and lighting, it may trigger the alarm even thou there are no adversarial threat or disturbance.
The following are incorrect answers:
All of the other choices are incorrect.
Reference used for this question:
Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (pp. 495-496). McGraw-Hill . Kindle Edition.